must have
→
muss'd've
/ˈmʌs.dəv/
Reduction
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STANDARD FORM → REDUCED FORM
must have →
muss'd've
/ˈmʌs.dəv/
Used to express a past deduction, strong probability, or a certainty about something that happened in the past.
This is a common reduction where 'must' and 'have' blend together. The 't' in 'must' often changes to a 'd' sound, and the 'h' in 'have' is dropped, leaving a short 'əv' sound.
Step 3 · Context
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Example 1
He didn't answer his phone, he muss'd've been asleep.
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Example 2
They looked exhausted, they muss'd've worked all night.
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Example 3
The keys aren't here, I muss'd've left them in the car.
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Example 4
Oh man, I totally forgot her birthday; I muss'd've written it down wrong.
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Example 5
She got the highest score, she muss'd've studied really hard.
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Step 6 · Result
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must have →
muss'd've